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Finite element analysis of creep for plane steel frames in fire

Hui ZHU, Yuching WU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 297-307 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0162-x

摘要： Steel is widely used for the construction of bridges, buildings, towers, and other structures because of its great strength, light weight, ductility, and ease of fabrication, but the cost of fireproofing is a major disadvantage. Therefore, the resistance of a steel structure to fire is a significant subject for modern society. In the past, for simplification, creep behavior was not taken into account in research on the resistance of a steel structure to fire. However, it was demonstrated that the effect of creep is considerable at temperatures that commonly reach 600°C and should not be neglected in this context. In this paper, a co-rotational total Lagrangian finite element formulation is derived, and the corresponding numerical model is developed to study the creep behavior of plane steel frames in fire conditions. The geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, high temperature creep, and temperature rate of change are taken into account. To verify the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical model, four prototypical numerical examples are analyzed using this model, and the results show very good agreement with the solutions in the literature. Next, the numerical model is used to analyze the creep behavior of the plane steel frames under decreasing temperatures. The results indicate that the effect of creep is negligible at temperatures lower than 500°C and is considerable at temperatures higher than 500°C. In addition, the heating rate is a critical factor in the failure point of the steel frames. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the deflection at the midpoint of the steel beam, considering creep behavior, is approximately 13% larger than for the situation in which creep is ignored. At temperatures higher than 500°C, the deformed steel member may recover approximately 20% of the total deflection. The application of the numerical model proposed in this paper is greatly beneficial to the steel industry for creep analysis, and the numerical results make a significant contribution to the understanding of resistance and protection for steel structures against disastrous fires.

关键词： creep plane steel frame fire finite element method geometric nonlinearity

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Tests on impact effect of partial fracture at steel frame connections

CHEN Yiyi, BIAN Ruoning

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 295-301 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0049-z

摘要： Impact effect of sudden fracture at steel frame connections under severe earthquake or other extreme loads is presented in this paper. The relation of impulse caused by structural fracture to the release of inner force at the cracked location, the magnitude of the response to impact on the basis of one degree of freedom model, and the ratio of the peak value of response to natural period of the system are investigated. Two types of fracture tests were designed and carried out both on uniaxial steel bar tensioned and moment resistant steel frame model. It is proven that the response during the fracture process can be measured quite well using high-frequency data processing system. It is also revealed that the instant fracture of structural connection is characterized by progressive and partial fracture. Numerical evaluation of the impact effect of connection fracture is carried out.

关键词： structural fracture natural fracture progressive high-frequency

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Seismic performance of moment resisting steel frame subjected to earthquake excitations

Fadzli M. NAZRI, Pang Yew KEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 19-25 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0240-3

摘要： This study presents static and dynamic assessments on the steel structures. Pushover analysis (POA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) were run on moment resisting steel frames. The IDA study involves successive scaling and application of each accelerogram followed by assessment of the maximum response. Steel frames are subjected to nonlinear inelastic time history analysis for 14 different scaled ground motions, 7 near field and 7 far field. The results obtained from POA on the 3, 6 and 9 storey steel frames show consistent results for both uniform and triangular lateral loading. Uniform loading shows that the steel frames exhibits higher base shear than the triangular loading. The IDA results show that the far field ground motions has caused all steel frame design within the research to collapse while near field ground motion only caused some steel frames to collapse. The POA can be used to estimate the performance-based-seismic-design (PBSD) limit states of the steel frames with consistency while the IDA seems to be quite inconsistent. It is concluded that the POA can be consistently used to estimate the limit states of steel frames while limit state estimations from IDA requires carefully selected ground motions with considerations of important parameters.

关键词： incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) pushover analysis performance-based seismic design

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Seismic behavior experimental study of frame joints with special-shaped column and dispersed steel bar

Shuchun LI, Bo DIAO, Youpo SU,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 378-383 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0064-8

摘要： To overcome the problem that steel bars are put too close at a flame joint with special-shaped beam and column, mechanical performance of three groups of six RC flame joints with special-shaped (L, T and+) column and dispersed-steel bars-beam on the top floor under cyclic loads were studied. Experimental comparison was conducted between special-shaped (L, T and+) column and normal beams. The cracking load, yielding load, ultimate bearing capacity, failure patterns, and hysteretic properties at joint core area were investigated. The seismic behaviors of the joints with different proportions of dispersed-steel-bar beams were analyzed. The results of experimental analysis indicate that the mechanical and seismic behaviors of frame joints with T-shaped and+-shaped column are nearly not changed when suitable proportion steel bars are dispersed to flange plane. Stiffness degeneration of flame joint with L-shaped column is rather serious due to concrete damage stiffness. Theoretical result indicates that distributing area of the dispersed steel-bar beams in the flange plate should be strictly controlled to avoid anchor destroy.

关键词： beam with dispersed steel bar flame joints with special-shaped beam and column seismic behavior scale of dispersed steel bars

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Implementation of total Lagrangian formulation for the elasto-plastic analysis of plane steel frames

Bing XIA, Yuching WU, Zhanfei HUANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 257-266 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0163-9

摘要： In this paper, the co-rotational total Lagrangian forms of finite element formulations are derived to perform elasto-plastic analysis for plane steel frames that either experience increasing external loading at ambient temperature or constant external loading at elevated temperatures. Geometric nonlinearities and thermal-expansion effects are considered. A series of programs were developed based on these formulations. To verify the accuracy and efficiency of the nonlinear finite element programs, numerical benchmark tests were performed, and the results from these tests are in a good agreement with the literature. The effects of the nonlinear terms of the stiffness matrices on the computational results were investigated in detail. It was also demonstrated that the influence of geometric nonlinearities on the incremental steps of the finite element analysis for plane steel frames in the presence of fire is limited.

关键词： co-rotational total Lagrangian geometrical nonlinearity fire elasto-plastic

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Thermal response of steel framing members in open car park fires

Xia YAN; Marion CHARLIER; Thomas GERNAY

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第9期页码 1071-1088 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0879-0

摘要： For open car park structures, adopting a performance-based structural fire design is often justified and allowed because the fire does not reach flashover. However, this design approach requires an accurate assessment of temperatures in structural members exposed to car fires. This paper describes a numerical study on the thermal exposure on steel framing members in open car park fires. Steel temperatures are computed by the coupling of computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling, and by analytical models from the Eurocodes. In addition, the influence of galvanization on the steel temperature evolution is assessed. Results show that temperatures in unprotected beams and columns are influenced by the section geometry, car fire scenario, modeling approach, and use of galvanization. Galvanization slightly delays and reduces peak temperature. Regarding the different models, CFD-FEM (CFD: computational fluid dynamics, FEM: finite-element method) coupled models predict lower temperatures than the Hasemi model, because the latter conservatively assumes that the fire flame continuously touches the ceiling. Further, the Hasemi model cannot account for the effect of reduced emissivity from galvanization on the absorbed heat flux. Detailed temperature distributions obtained in the steel members can be used to complete efficient structural fire designs based on the member sections, structure layout, and use of galvanization.

关键词： open car park localized fire steel frame numerical modeling computational fluid dynamics

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Parametric study of hexagonal castellated beams in post-tensioned self-centering steel connections

Hassan ABEDI SARVESTANI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第5期页码 1020-1035 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0534-6

摘要： The effects of important parameters (beam reinforcing plates, initial post-tensioning, and material properties of steel angles) on the behavior of hexagonal castellated beams in post-tensioned self-centering (PTSC) connections undergone cyclic loading up to 4% lateral drift have been investigated by finite element (FE) analysis using ABAQUS. The PTSC connection is comprised of bolted top and bottom angles as energy dissipaters and steel strands to provide self-centering capacity. The FE analysis has also been validated against the experimental test. The new formulations derived from analytical method has been proposed to predict bending moment of PTSC connections. The web-post buckling in hexagonal castellated beams has been identified as the dominant failure mode when excessive initial post-tensioning force is applied to reach greater bending moment resistance, so it is required to limit the highest initial post-tensioning force to prevent this failure. Furthermore, properties of steel material has been simulated using bilinear elastoplastic modeling with 1.5% strain-hardening which has perfectly matched with the real material of steel angles. It is recommended to avoid using steel angles with high yielding strength since they lead to the yielding of bolt shank. The necessity of reinforcing plates to prevent beam flange from local buckling has been reaffirmed.

关键词： finite element analysis hexagonal castellated beam parametric study post-tensioned self-centering steel connection steel moment-resisting frame

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Probabilistic safety assessment of self-centering steel braced frame

Navid RAHGOZAR, Nima RAHGOZAR, Abdolreza S. MOGHADAM

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 163-182 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0384-z

摘要： The main drawback of conventional braced frames is implicitly accepting structural damage under the design earthquake load, which leads to considerable economic losses. Controlled rocking self-centering system as a modern low-damage system is capable of minimizing the drawbacks of conventional braced frames. This paper quantifies main limit states and investigates the seismic performance of self-centering braced frame using a Probabilistic Safety Assessment procedure. Margin of safety, confidence level, and mean annual frequency of the self-centering archetypes for their main limit states, including PT yield, fuse fracture, and global collapse, are established and are compared with their acceptance criteria. Considering incorporating aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, the efficiency of the system is examined. Results of the investigation indicate that the design of low- and mid-rise self-centering archetypes could provide the adequate margin of safety against exceeding the undesirable limit-states.

关键词： self-centering steel braced frame mean annual frequency safety assessment confidence level margin of safety

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Parametric study on damage control design of SMA dampers in frame-typed steel piers

Xiaoqun LUO, Hanbin GE, Tsutomu USAMI,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 384-394 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0065-7

摘要： This paper focuses on damage control design of SMA dampers in steel frame piers. A parametric study based on time history analyses is carried out on frame-typed bridge piers with axial-type SMA damping device. The parameters examined are design parameters of strength ratio and stiffness ratio . Seismic performance indexes on displacement and strain are investigated under three JRA recommended Level 2 Ground Type П strong earthquake motions. Design recommendations are suggested following the results of the parametric study.

关键词： damage control design shape memory alloy parameter study displacement-based verification strain-based verification time history analysis

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A model study on affordable steel residential housing in China

Xin CHENG, Xianzhong ZHAO, Yiyi CHEN, Zhenyu LI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 288-296 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0171-9

摘要： The main research purpose of this paper is to acquire a series of designed concept of “affordable housing” in key geographical areas of East China through the development of innovative, economical, flexible, reproducible and affordable residential houses using intensive steel solutions. Toward this goal, both the residential housing conditions and the development of steel residential building in China are widely investigated. Affordable housing in China is then, based on the investigation, defined as green humanized multi-storey housing comprised of medium-small type dwellings whose construction cost is not much higher than that of traditional reinforced concrete buildings and the maintenance cost is low. Taking this definition as a guiding ideology, detailed architectural and structural design of a steel affordable housing model in terms of a collective housing form with repeatable living units has been carried out. Comparisons of project cost and energy consumption between the designed steel residential housing and the corresponding reinforced concrete building show that the former is not more expensive and consumes less energy than the latter.

关键词： affordable housing energy-saving duplex design pure steel frame economic evaluation

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Development of realistic design fire time-temperature curves for the testing of cold-formed steel wall

Anthony Deloge ARIYANAYAGAM,Mahen MAHENDRAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 427-447 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0279-1

摘要： Fire resistance rating of light gauge steel frame (LSF) wall systems is obtained from fire tests based on the standard fire time-temperature curve. However, fire severity has increased in modern buildings due to higher fuel loads as a result of modern furniture and light weight constructions that make use of thermoplastics materials, synthetic foams and fabrics. Some of these materials are high in calorific values and increase both the spread of fire growth and heat release rate, thus increasing the fire severity beyond that of the standard fire curve. Further, the standard fire curve does not include a decay phase that is present in natural fires. Despite the increasing usage of LSF walls, their behavior in real building fires is not fully understood. This paper presents the details of a research study aimed at developing realistic design fire curves for use in the fire tests of LSF walls. It includes a review of the characteristics of building fires, previously developed fire time-temperature curves, computer models and available parametric equations. The paper highlights that real building fire time-temperature curves depend on the fuel load representing the combustible building contents, ventilation openings and thermal properties of wall lining materials, and provides suitable values of many required parameters including fuel loads in residential buildings. Finally, realistic design fire time-temperature curves simulating the fire conditions in modern residential buildings are proposed for the testing of LSF walls.

关键词： fire safety standard fire curve realistic design fire time-temperature curves light gauge steel frame (LSF) walls fire resistance rating fuel load

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Numerical study of the cyclic load behavior of AISI 316L stainless steel shear links for seismic fuse

Ruipeng LI,Yunfeng ZHANG,Le-Wei TONG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 414-426 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0276-4

摘要： This paper presents the results of nonlinear finite element analyses conducted on stainless steel shear links. Stainless steels are attractive materials for seismic fuse device especially for corrosion-aware environment such as coastal regions because they are highly corrosion resistant, have good ductility and toughness properties in combination with low maintenance requirements. This paper discusses the promising use of AISI 316L stainless steel for shear links as seismic fuse devices. Hysteresis behaviors of four stainless steel shear link specimens under reversed cyclic loading were examined to assess their ultimate strength, plastic rotation and failure modes. The nonlinear finite element analysis results show that shear links made of AISI 316L stainless steel exhibit a high level of ductility. However, it is also found that because of large over-strength ratio associated with its strain hardening process, mixed shear and flexural failure modes were observed in stainless steel shear links compared with conventional steel shear links with the same length ratio. This raises the issue that proper design requirements such as length ratio, element compactness and stiffener spacing need to be determined to ensure the full development of the overall plastic rotation of the stainless steel shear links.

关键词： hysteretic damper eccentrically braced frame energy dissipation seismic stainless steel shear link

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基于PFM的B级钢侧架耐久性分析

李伟,李强,王平

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第1期页码 56-61

摘要：

基于概率断裂力学对B级钢货车侧架的圆角细节进行了模拟耐久性试验研究，提出了一种新的通用当量初始缺陷尺寸分布的计算方法，建立了裂纹超越概率模型，从存活概率P, 应力水平σ, 裂纹形成时间t和经济维修极限a_e 4个角度评估了结构的损伤度, 并结合实测的应力谱预测了其经济寿命。结果表明，裂纹萌生时间能很好地服从三参数Weibull分布，求得的通用EIFS分布参数通过了K—S检验，拟合效果很好。裂纹超越概率模型可以对结构产生的耐久性损伤进行定量度量，预测的经济寿命随裂纹穿越概率的增加呈现增长的趋势，验证了新的计算方法和概率模型的合理有效性。

关键词：耐久性疲劳 B级钢裂纹

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Truss-arch model for shear strength of seismic-damaged SRC frame columns strengthened with CFRP sheets

Sheng PENG, Chengxiang XU, Xiaoqiang LIU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第6期页码 1324-1337 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0557-z

摘要： Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials are important reinforcing substances which are widely used in the shear strengthening of seismic-damage steel reinforced concrete (SRC) frame structures. To investigate the shear strength of SRC frame columns strengthened with CFRP sheets, experimental observations on eight seismic-damaged SRC frame columns strengthened with CFRP sheets were conducted at Yangtze University and existing experimental data of 49 SRC columns are presented. Based on the existing experiments, the theories of damage degree, zoning analysis of concrete, and strengthening material of the column are adopted. To present the expression formula of the shear strength of SRC frame columns strengthened with CFRP sheets, the contributions of strengthening material and transverse reinforcement to shear strength in the truss model are considered, based on the truss-arch model. The contribution of arch action is also considered through the analysis of the whole concrete and that of the three zones of the concrete are also considered. The formula is verified, and the calculated results are found to match well with the experimental results. Results indicate that the proposed whole analysis model can improve the accuracy of shear strength predictions of shear seismic-damaged SRC frame columns reinforced with CFRP sheets.

关键词： carbon fiber reinforced polymer material steel reinforced concrete frame column seismic-damaged trussed-arch model shear strength

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Virtual pre-assembly for large steel structures based on BIM, PLP algorithm, and 3D measurement

Ying ZHOU, Wan WANG, Hanbin LUO, Yan ZHANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第2期页码 207-220 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0016-5

摘要： The current physical pre-assembly method of large steel structures is time consuming and costly and requires large sites. Thus, the pre-assembly of large steel structures in a virtual way, starting from building information modeling (BIM), is an interesting alternative to the physical one. In this study, an innovative method for virtual pre-assembly is proposed on the basis of BIM, plane-line-point algorithm, and 3D measurement. This method determines the optimal analytical least squares of the various built components. The technique verifies the feasibility of the steel structure assembly and the fulfillment of the design geometries, starting from the real data obtained by an accurate metric survey of the fabricated steel elements. The method is applied to a real case, and obtained results largely satisfy the prefixed research objectives. Suggestions to improve the proposed method are also discussed.

关键词： steel structure pre-assembly BIM plane-line-point 3D measurement